How can one discipline, yoga, be all of these things at the same time? The yoga with which most people in the United States are familiar is commonly referred to as hatha yoga. The Sanskrit term hatha can be divided into two parts, ha and tha, the former indicating sun and the latter indicating moon. Other translations suggest an interpretation of these words as the hard and the soft, the masculine and the feminine. Thus, hatha yoga is a physical practice that has hard and soft elements to it—postures that stretch and challenge alongside postures that relax and restore.

When Americans hear the word yoga, they generally think first of a series of contorted physical postures that require tremendous flexibility. But physical postures are only one element of the eight-limbed path of yoga that was developed by ancient sages to maximize human potential. The foundation of yoga practice is yama and niyama. Yama means restraint, and according to yogic philosophy the practitioner must learn to restrain his/her thought and behavior if s/he is to progress along the path. In addition to restraining certain thoughts and behaviors, the yogic practitioner is also encouraged to cultivate a set of positive observances, the niyamas.

In very traditional approaches to yoga, asana, or physical postures, can only be added after the restraints and observances are in place. Once the body has been strengthened and purified through asana, the practitioner can begin concentrated work with the breath through pranayama. These first four steps on the yogic path—yama, niyama, asana, pranayama—are considered the outer or external disciplines. They prepare one for the next four steps on the path which turn the energy and attention dramatically inward through sense withdrawal, one-pointed concentration, meditation and bliss.

So, while many Americans are experiencing what might best be described as ‘gym yoga,’ others have discovered various styles of yoga that emphasize to varying degrees the steps on the traditional yogic path. Some of the most common styles of yoga found in America today include Iyengar, Ashtanga, Vinyasa, and Bikram.

Iyengar yoga is named after the Indian teacher, B.K.S. Iyengar, who first brought yoga to the West with his book, Light on Yoga. This style of yoga emphasizes precision in body alignment in order to minimize injury and maximize the effects of the postures. For those who are new to yoga, Iyengar classes provide a firm foundation, as well as innovative use of props (blankets, bolsters, blocks, and straps) to make postures accessible to people of all body types and fitness levels. Iyengar classes are frequently limited to asana, and only add breath work after students have progressed to a certain depth of practice.

Both B.K.S. Iyengar and Pattabhi Jois studied with the great master, Krishnamacharya. Jois is the popularizer of the Ashtanga system of yoga. While the postures do not change (much) from one style of yoga to another, the way in which they are performed may. Ashtanga is a flowing series of asanas linked with a powerful breath technique, ujjayi pranayama. By moving continuously from one posture to another while breathing through the nostrils in this manner, the practitioner creates a deep heat in the body that produces a detoxifying sweat and increases flexibility. Traditionally, practitioners of this style begin with the primary series (a set of postures that takes about 90 minutes to complete) and only move on to the second series when they have mastered it. This is a vigorous style of yoga that is best practiced after one has learned appropriate alignment and breathing in a slower-paced class. For those who have injuries, this form of yoga can be problematic, so be certain to practice with a skilled teacher and modify the postures as needed.